Note: I am not a professional fashion historian. If you spot any inconsistency or outright fallacy somewhere in the picture descriptions please feel free (or even better, obliged) to let me know!
middle 15th century (1455-1460) Austria - Styria
Sankt Lorenzen ob Murau
altar paintings in the local church - Martyrdom of Saint Margaret (the panels are not necessarily in the right order)
tempera on wood
http://tethys.imareal.oeaw.ac.at/realonline/
no. 002126 (courtship), 002127 (dragon), 002128 (breast ripping), 002129 (decapitation), 002130 (scourging), 002131 (torch), 002132 (incarceration), 02133 (barrel)
Read the account of her martyrdom from the Legenda aurea here.
end of the 13th century France or Flanders
Lausanne, Bibliothèque Cantonale et Universitaire
U 964: Biblia Porta
fol. 266r
early 15th century (1405-1410), French - Paris
Latin 7789: De Senectute; Pro Marcello, both by Marcus Tullius Cicero
fol. 65v - Lucius Flaminius with his mistress watching an impending execution
http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b84516084/f49.planchecontact.r=francais+7789.langEN
About the incident, from wikipedia:
Cato reported that during his consulship, Flamininus took his mistress with him to the north of Italy. Whilst there, a noble Boii and his family sought sanctuary in Flamininus’ tent. As the mistress had often told Flamininus that she had never seen a man die, the consul turned to her and asked her whether she wanted to see a Gaul die. The Boii noble was still speaking through an interpreter when Flamininus ordered his lictor to behead the Boii noble.
14th century (1349-1351) Austria - Lilienfeld
Cod. 151: Concordantiae caritatis
fol. 244v - Public service. (killing adulterers)
The man fornicating/being killed is wearing a Jewish cap, which, astonishingly, was a cap worn by Jews in the Middle Ages. The woman’s hose are visible, tied with girdle below the knee.
15th century (ca.1410) France - Paris
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève
Ms. fr. 190/2: Giovanni Boccaccio, Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes, Paris
fol. 37r - beheading of Caius Marius
14th century (1390s) France - Paris
New York, the Morgan Library & Museum
MS M.526: History of the Bible and of the Assumption of Our Lady by Herman de Valenciennes
fol. 33v: Salome with a platter waiting and casually watching the decapitation of St John the Baptist
http://www.themorgan.org/collections/works/IlluminatingFashion/manuscriptEnlarge.asp?page=7
early 15th century (ca.1409) France
New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Cloisters
Belles Heures of Jean de France, Duc de Berry - illuminated by brothers (Herman, Paul and Jean) Limbourg
fol. 18r - execution of St Catherine of Alexandria
http://blog.metmuseum.org/artofillumination/manuscript-pages/folio-18r/
14th century (1396) Switzerland - Luzern
Engelberg, Stiftsbibliothek
Cod. 339: The Nikolaus Schulmeister Tract of the Passion
fol. 94v - martyrdom of Isaiah
15th century (ca.1410) France - Paris
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève
Ms. fr. 190-2: Giovanni Boccaccio, Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes, Paris
fol.176r - King Philip IV of France; Knights Templar with their Grandmaster Jacques de Molay about to be executed by burning at the stake
15th century (ca.1410) France (Paris)
Genève, Bibliothèque de Genève
Ms. fr. 190/1: Des cas des nobles hommes et femmes by Giovanni Boccaccio
fol. 118v - execution of Hanno of Carthage